Biofluid Mechanics

1.    Find one peer-reviewed journal article that includes research within the scope of biofluids? (Briefly, summarize the paper objectives and results and how it relates to biofluids, include figures - include the citation and link to the paper)

The article by Mitchell and colleagues examines the evidence that supports the applicability of vibrational spectroscopy to produce spectral biomarkers of illness in biofluids. Biofluids can be utilized in bio-spectroscopy for disease screening as well as a diagnosis of different conditions such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegeneration. Biospectroscopy techniques are likely required to be initially integrated into an existing screening programme together with other routine analyses to show the applicability of bio-spectroscopy approaches towards disease screening or diagnosis.

ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was demonstrated to be a potential technique for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer utilizing blood serum, providing a useful screening tool. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy has also been employed to show a high degree of diagnostic accuracy in the detection as well as classification of gliomas, malignant tumors that cause 50 percent of intracranial lesions. Studies in Raman spectroscopy have led to the conclusion that it can play a role in the detection of biomarkers in the urine of diabetic patients with renal impairment that may assist in the earlier diagnosis of the complication and better management. The application of infrared (IR) spectroscopy or Raman spectroscopy of bio fluids for illness detection offers benefits that include no reagents needed, a profile of spectral alterations can be determined as well as the techniques are suitable for automation.

Citation: Mitchell, A. L., Gajjar, K. B., Theophilou, G., Martin, F. L., & Martin‐Hirsch, P. L. (2014). Vibrational spectroscopy of bio fluids for disease screening or diagnosis: translation from the laboratory to a clinical setting. Journal of biophotonics, 7(3‐4), 153-165. DOI 10.1002/jbio.201400018

For questions 2-7 provide your answers in brief paragraphs with appropriate figures, cite your sources (include links) and add figures to your answers:

2.    What is the effect of shear stress in arteries?

Shear stress refers to the tangential force of the flowing blood on the endothelial surface of the blood vessel. Shear stress acutely modulates arterial diameter through the phenomenon known as flow-dependent vasodilation. The increase of wall shear stress during a sustained increase in blood flow induces the adaptive enlargement of the vessel radius, hence acting as a negative feedback to minimize the stress itself. If the wall shear stress ultimately controls enlargement and reduction of the diameter of the vessel, the stress is maintained constant at the control level for all sustained blood flow changes.

Figure 1: Shear stress and atherosclerosis

3. How can shear stress be measured in the arteries?

Arterial shear stresses can be readily computed only away from bends and branch sites; otherwise, there will need to use complex analyses or physical models. In vivo measurements are used to wall shear stress in human coronary arteries.

4.    How does the no slip condition affect the velocity profile in blood flow in arteries?

The no-slip condition refers to the condition when there is no velocity at the wall of the tube, the velocity of the flow is zero hence the layer of fluid next to the arterial wall remains at one place. However, at the center of the laminar flow profile, there is maximum velocity. Therefore, there is a parabolic or more complicated velocity profiles across the area of the lumen.

5.    What is an atherosclerotic lesion and how does it affect blood flow?

Atherosclerotic lesion refers to the fatty deposits that accumulate in vessels causing their gradual occlusion. The atherosclerotic lesion may rupture and trigger the formation of an arterial thrombus. Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of coronary heart disease and gets characterized by an accumulation of lipids, white blood cells as well as cell debris in the inner layers of the arterial wall. Atherosclerotic lesion gets categorized into two kinds namely 1) the fixed or stable plaque that obstructs blood flow and 2) the unstable or vulnerable plaque that can rupture and lead to platelet adhesion and thrombus formation.  Atherosclerotic lesions hinder blood flow to the heart muscle as a result of blockage since they protrude into the lumen of the arteries.

6.    Do atherosclerotic lesions lie in areas of low or high shear stress?

Significant atherosclerotic lesions are located anywhere in the major epicardial coronary arteries and their branches. They lie predominantly in areas with low shear stress while the regions of high shear stress do not have atherosclerotic lesions.

Figure 2: Low and high shear stress

7.    Is there a relationship between the intima-media thickness and wall shear stress?

There is no relationship between the intima-media thickness and local wall shear stress.

Sherry Roberts is the author of this paper. A senior editor at MeldaResearch.Com in affordable custom research papers. If you need a similar paper you can place your order from legitimate essay writing service services.